Moody’s projects the global economic impact of physical risk could reach US$41.4 trillion by the mid-2040s. Sea levels are rising, temperatures are climbing, and natural disasters are growing more frequent. A large share of the losses from these events would fall outside existing insurance policies.
During the 60-day window, the insurance is free — no payment changes hands, and the sanctions exposure is arguably manageable. But after day 60, if the PGSA introduces fees as it has explicitly reserved the right to do, a shipowner acquiring PGSA-approved insurance would be paying a sanctioned entity. That creates a direct conflict between the operational need to comply with PGSA requirements and the legal prohibition on transacting with OFAC-designated organisations. The MOU’s “toll-free” guarantee does not extend to insurance fees. The US position, per JD Vance on Thursday, is that “international waterways should be free of tolls” — not free of insurance premiums.
Matthew Eby, founder and chief executive officer of First Street, said the more fundamental challenge is the data underwriting models are using. “Most underwriting for real assets still uses historical data, but the climate is no longer behaving the way the historical record would predict. As heat, drought, and water stress increase, outdated models simply don’t offer a complete view of risk anymore,” he said.
Within 24 hours of Trump’s announcement, Iran signalled that ships could still face charges beyond the 60-day window – not “tolls” (a term with clear illegal implications under Article 17 of the Law of the Sea Treaty, which guarantees innocent passage) but “fees for services provided.” The distinction is, as one legal expert put it, “entirely semantic in commercial terms.” Meanwhile, Israel has not stopped attacking Lebanon. The 2026 Lebanon war continues even as Israeli and Lebanese officials hold Washington talks – with Israeli forces conducting strikes near Beirut as recently as 3 June, and another proposed ceasefire on 1 June already under strain. And Iran has yet to publicly confirm the US version of the MOU text, with a physical copy of the document yet to be released by Tehran.
The case goes back to a road accident on July 11, 2018, on a residential street in Barnoldswick. David Maher was standing beside his parked work van, door partly open, when a pickup driven by AXA’s insured, Mr Grogan, came down the street and trapped him between the van and the vehicle. The trial judge found Grogan caused the crash, and that was never in dispute on appeal.
The report, Beyond 2030: The Future of Construction, draws on structured interviews with 31 industry experts and a survey of 19 participants conducted between December 2025 and March 2026. It identifies extreme weather and natural disasters, financial market vulnerabilities, and labour market dynamics as the three most severe risks facing the construction sector over the next five years, ranked on a seven-point severity scale at 6.2, 5.7, and 5.6, respectively.
FulcrumSec, a cyber extortion group that emerged in October 2025, said in a message posted to its website that the stolen data includes company source code, proprietary information on released and unreleased drugs, clinical trial data, employee, doctor and patient data, production facility information and internal AI model data.
“True success isn’t measured by recognition, but by the mastery of your craft and the long-term trust you earn from your customers,” Choo said. “Legacy is crafted detail by detail, through perseverance, a relentless commitment to excellence, and an absolute dedication to the people who place their trust in your work.”
NI Chamber has an active membership of more than 1,000 businesses operating across Northern Ireland in every sector of the economy, collectively employing over 125,000 people. Its patron network includes some of the region’s most prominent employers and institutions, among them Belfast Harbour, Queen’s University Belfast, PwC, Randox and Ulster Bank.
The consequence is that policies built around defamation, privacy or user-generated content may not respond at all. Coverage disputes, Amin argues, will instead move toward product liability triggers, aggregation questions, and whether harm is occurrence-based or the result of systemic design choices.
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